Wi-Fi(Wireless Fidelity) Launched in September 1997 is affiliated with WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network). It is a wireless communication technology that uses radio waves to provide a high-speed network and Internet connection.
Sometimes there is a need to know the previously connected WiFi networks to get details on some network. There is a wide range of Softwares available for the same. But, this can be done easily with the use of the command prompt of the windows.

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A cryptographic hash is a fixed size string (or text) that is used as an identifier/fingerprint of some data. These are particularly useful in determining the integrity of files after they are transferred over a communication channel. Hashes are even utilized by certain OS-level processes for their working. The command processor of Windows OS (cmd.exe) provides the user with the ability to compute hashes on files/Directories via an utility command named Certutil. In this article we would learn about computing hashes on command prompt (cmd).

Description of command:
The command Certutil is primarily used for working with digital certificates and not hashes. The ability to hash files is due to the presence of a -hashfile switch in it.

> Certutil -hashfile
-hashfile  -- Generate and display cryptographic hash over a file

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Most often we need to split cells for text processing [Eg.  Split Last Name and First Name from Customer name field].

We explore two different methods to split cells in Excel:

1. Text to Column
2. Use Excel function – Left () and Right ()

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If you want to find the percentage of two cells in Microsoft Excel, Simply select an empty cell, where you want to display the percentage of the two cells.

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“Hacking Wifi” sounds really cool and interesting. But actually hacking wifi practically is much easier with a good wordlist. But this world list is of no use until we don’t have any idea of how to actually use that word list in order to crack a hash. And before cracking the hash we actually need to generate it.

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We know that nowadays if anyone of us finds free open WiFi our happiness is at the next level. Well doesn’t it sound super cool to hack someone who is using the same open WiFi which we are using? If yes then let’s check out a way to make this thing happen.

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Wireshark is a network packet analyzer or tracer. Network Packet Analyzer displays captured packet data in as much detail as possible. It is a popular open-source network protocol analyzer used by ethical hackers to analyze network traffic to identify vulnerabilities or potential security breaches.

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A virtual wall in the security system world is designed to protect our system from unwanted traffic and unauthorized access to our system. The security system in Linux OS is known as Linux Firewall, which monitors and governs the network traffic (outbound/inbound connections). It can be used to block access to different IP addresses, Specific subnets, ports (virtual points where network connections begin and end), and services.

We have a daemon’s name called Firewalld which is used to maintain the firewall policies. A dynamically managed firewall tool in a Linux system is known as Firewalld, it can be updated in real-time if there are any changes in the network environment.

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A cryptographic hash is a fixed size string (or text) that is used as an identifier/fingerprint of some data. These are particularly useful in determining the integrity of files after they are transferred over a communication channel. Hashes are even utilized by certain OS-level processes for their working.

The command processor of Windows OS (cmd.exe) provides the user with the ability to compute hashes on files/Directories via an utility command named Certutil.

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